Physician Assisted Suicide - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 607 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/25 Category Advertising Essay Type Analytical essay Topics: Assisted Suicide Essay Euthanasia Essay Marriage Essay Did you like this example? Of all the controversial things in the world today, some are just completely absurd. There’s one that seems the most controversial though. It’s not gay marriage, nor is it the war on terror. It’s euthanasia, also known as physician-assisted suicide. There are many parts of Euthanasia that are debated over, such as the role of the physician as the patient approaches death, social groups at risk of abuse if euthanasia is legalized, and if euthanasia was legalized, would it be considered a form of legalized murder. By the time people finish reading this report, they will hopefully learn why euthanasia should not be legal, and what could happen if it was legalized. One question that should be considered when people wonder if euthanasia should be legalized is, â€Å"Would this be considered a legalized form of murder? † To put it simply, it could, and probably would, be considered legalized murder. If legalized, people could kill someone and get away with it just by forging a suicide note and saying that the victim asked to be killed. In places where euthanasia is legal, many people die from a form of euthanasia known as â€Å"involuntary euthanasia†. Nat Hentoff reported that in the Netherlands, where euthanasia is legal, over a thousand people die each year from involuntary euthanasia, and that â€Å"Their physicians were so consumed with compassion that they decided not to disturb their patients by asking their opinion on the matter† (Euthanasia 1. ) Some believe euthanization would help the economy because instead of having to spend money trying to treat a patient, the patient could be euthanized. Many also believe that physician-assisted suicide would save money for insurance companies. Because of this, there is a fear that insurance companies would begin to encourage euthanization if such a thing was legalized. In a hypothetical situation in which economic conditions are similar to what they have been for the past few years, and in which euthanization is legal, more than hundreds of patients could be killed daily just to save insurance companies money. That money could be used in giving the same patients treatments that could save their lives. Many believe that physicians have the role of â€Å"healers† in society. If this is true, then physicians should be preventing suicide, and not assisting a patient with a suicide attempt. Assisting in the suicide of a patient is almost like giving up on the patient completely. Physicians shouldn’t give up on their patients, and instead should try anything within their power to help that person live life as long as nature allows. If euthanasia was legalized, the image of a physician in society would transform from a person that helps and heals people to a cold, heartless murderer. If this was to happen, people would be terrified of physicians, and patients with curable viruses would not get the treatment they need, and th ese viruses could possibly become pandemics if not controlled. In conclusion, not only is euthanasia unethical, it is a threat to all of society. It corrupts the very image of those who do everything in their power to prevent death. It â€Å"would replace the equality-of-human-life ethic with a utilitarian and nihilistic death culture that views the intentional ending of certain human lives as an appropriate and necessary answer to lifes most difficult challenges† (Euthanasia 1. ) It would deny the patients good medical treatments and instead put them down like animals. Euthanasia cannot and must not be legalized in any part of the United States what-so-ever because it could become the very thing that causes a society that tries so hard to prevent death to fall into chaos and disorder. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Physician Assisted Suicide" essay for you Create order

Alzheimer disease - Progressive and Deadly Brain Disorder - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1501 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Alzheimer's Disease Essay Did you like this example? Alzheimer disease is a progressive and deadly brain disorder, in which communication between cells are halted and eventually lost. It is the most common form of dementia, and in ~90-95% of AD cases affects those over the age of 65. As communication amongst neurons is lost, symptoms such as inability to recall memories, make appropriate judgment, and proper motor function are lost and worsen over time. Affecting an estimated 2.4 million to 4.5 million Americans, with the number predicted to double within the next few years, preventing the start of Alzheimer is vital. The brain is divided into three main portions: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brainstem. Though a single organ, each portion is further broken down into sections with distinct control in specific skills. The area most affected by AD is the cerebrum, which is divided into five lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insula. Each lobe has control over various functions such as memory, voluntary motor functions, different senses, and processing. These actions are conducted through signaling between neurons. These nerve cells contain properties like excitability, conductivity, and secretion. Communication amongst neurons is vital for proper functioning of the whole body. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Alzheimer disease Progressive and Deadly Brain Disorder" essay for you Create order In a healthy neuron, communication is conducted via neurotransmitters. A presynaptic neuron will release neurotransmitters resulting in the postsynaptic neuron responding to the message. Depending on the location of these nerves in the brain will result in whichever action is taking place. It is the prevention of proper signaling within the brain and cell death that leads to loss of function throughout the body, and ultimately to AD. Two major contributors to the progression of Alzheimer Disease are the production of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) is believed to assist in neuronal growth and repair. As persistent use is continued, it is potentially broken down and recycled. Alpha-secretase cuts the extracellular portion of APP while gamma-secretase makes its cut in the membrane of the neuron, resulting in a soluble fragment of APP. The creation of beta-amyloid plaque begins when beta-secretase joins alpha-secretase and gamma-secretase in the process of breaking down APP. Beta-secretase creates an addition cut leaving behind an insoluble monomer, amyloid beta. With the characteristic of being sticky, these fragments join together resulting in beta-amyloid plaques. These clumps block signaling at the synaptic cleft, preventing neurotransmission. These plaque buildups trigger an immune response leading to swelling of the brain causing damage to nearby neurons. They also make amyloid angiopathy deposits around blood vessels causing a weakening in the vessel walls. This could lead to hemorrhaging and blood loss. Neurofibrillary tangles are also extremely prevalent in AD patients, resulting in the degradation of microtubules within the neuron. With the buildup of beta-amyloid plaques, this initiates pathways within the neuron leading to the activation of kinase. Kinase transfers phosphate groups to the tae proteins; this alters the shape of tau protein. A change in shape means a change in function, so tau protein no longer binds the microtubules; they instead get tangled with each other, and the microtubules fall apart. With signaling unable to occur, affected neurons undergo apoptosis. As the number of neuronal deaths increase, large scale changes in brain take place. The brain atrophies with the gyri narrowing. As this occur, the sulci widen and the ventricles become larger. To discuss these alterations without the details, if one was to view a segment of a brain affected by Alzheimer disease, there would be two common characters: beta-amyloid plaques and tangles. The formation of the plaque originates from portions of the neurons of the brain. On a normal functioning neuron, amyloid-precursor proteins (APP) stick out through the cells membrane. Enzymes swing by and chop off the beta-amyloid protein fragment, leaving a somewhat sticky snippet behind. As more enzymes chop off more beta-amyloid proteins from neurons, these sticky fragments begin to clump together along with other molecules resulting in beta-amyloid plaque. It is thought that these plaques block cell to cell communication between neurons; it is also thought that they activate an immune response. This would explain the swelling of the brain and the damage done to affected neurons. Neurofibrillary tangles are another common theme to AD, but they occur within the neuron. The microtubules in the neuron are bound by tau proteins allowing for the transport of nutrients and messages to adjacent neurons. In AD, these tau proteins are chemically altered, and they no longer want to stabilize the microtubules. They begin to pair with other tau proteins and get tangled. Since the microtubules are no longer bound by the tau proteins, they fall apart and disrupts the transport of materials. There are two forms of Alzheimer: familial (early-onset) and sporadic (late-onset). Both types of AD form differently on a molecular level, though they result in the degradation of proper mental function (7). Familial has the deterministic genes, meaning that it is guaranteed to develop the disease if the the mutation in the gene is inherited. Mutations in these specific genes lead to an overproduction of APP in the brain and potentially to excess beta-amyloid plaques, thus interfering with vital regulation pathways of the brain. Sporadic AD have risk genes; these genes do not directly cause the disease, but they put an individual more at risk of developing AD. Sporadic is more common, consisting of the majority of Alzheimer cases (~90-90%) (7). There are no known genetic mutations that cause late-onset; however, researchers believe that cognitive function decreases with old age without any underlying reason. Certain inherited alleles have been thought to increase ones risk. APOE e4 has been linked to the higher chance of developing AD, but not all people who have the allele develop AD; likewise, not all people with Alzheimer inherited a copy of the allele. Familial Alzheimer begins to appear as early as the mid-30s up to 65. This type of AD is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which is significantly less common than sporadic AD (1). Though rare, early-onset is better understood on the genetically inherited component. Three genes have been identified that lead to early-onset when a mutation occurs that normally function in certain brain housekeeping: PSEN-1 (chromosome 14) and PSEN-2 (chromosome 1) (1). Presenilin-1 (PSEN-1) is a subunit of gamma-secretase (4). Early-onset AD due to mutation of PSEN-1 is the most common form of early-onset, and 150 mutations have been identified (4). Mutation of PSEN-1 affects gamma-secretases ability to make its cut in APP in the accurate location (4). Presenilin-2 (PSEN-2) normally assists proteins in the transmitting of chemical signals from the membrane to the nucleus followed by the nucleus activating genes for further cell function (5). PSEN-2 also processes APP. Researchers have found a bout 11 mutations on PSEN-2; however, there are two specific mutations in the amino acids that make up PSEN-2 that are most commonly seen in early-onset (5). At position 141, asparagine replaces normal isoleucine, thus mutating PSEN-2 (5). The second mutation is located at position 239 where methionine replaces normal valine (5). Mutations in any of the amino acids used to make PSEN-2 disrupt APP processing which leads to the overproduction of amyloid beta peptide, thus resulting in amyloid clumps and damaging brain nerves (5). Fig. 1. Effect of AD on neurons. Fig. 1. AD causes neuron damage and death due to amyloid clumps and tau tangles Late-onset Alzheimers does not have a definite known gene to directly cause the disease; however, a combination of risk genes, lifestyle choices, and environmental influences are all factors that contribute to the development. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene located on chromosome 19, is the known risk gene (6,7). Various alleles aid in the age in which symptoms begin to show. APOE e2 is more rare, and it is thought to provide some protection, allowing AD to develop later in ones life (6). APOE e3 is the most common, but it does not increase or decrease the risk (6). APOE e4 increases the risk as well as lowers the age of when symptoms start to show (6). The more APOE e4 alleles one inherits, the higher at risk they are. There is not a cure for Alzheimer disease, nor are there any preventative measures that would reduce the risk of developing the disease. Through clinical studies, factors that decrease ones risk include not having a family history, being male, obtaining more years of education, and having good cardiovascular health by having a healthy diet and exercising regularly (6). Factors that increase ones risk are having a family history of Alzheimers, being female, having fewer years of education, and being in poor cardiovascular health (6). Older age also increases risk; by age 80, ones risk for developing AD jumps to 50%. Many research projects are underway to find a cure or find preventative measures that could delay development or reverse the process. Because of the rarity, there are no major studies conducted for early-onset Alzheimers due to lack of funding and volunteers who may be at risk. As life expectancy continues to increase, so does the number of patients affected with AD. Organ izations encourage volunteers, both healthy and at risk, to take a stand against Alzheimers by participating in clinical studies where hopefully someday, we will be without it.

What Status Did Women Have in Early Medieval England

The status of women in the medieval period was mostly that of subjugation, very few options were open to women, and those that were are often resulted in a harsh treatment, of backbreaking labor. However even with such ill treatment, women were the integral part to societal growth and stability thus a women’s role was often narrowed and marginalized. To areas thought befitting woman, Such as child rearing, manual labor, the convent, or as a wife. This system of casting not only served to maintain the male status quo but also served to further the archetypal roles for women in medieval English society. Women were valued in the middle Ages, but only as an economic commodity. They served two main functions within medieval society:†¦show more content†¦The safety of a wife, therefore, often depended upon her ability to please her husband. Widowhood was the saving grace of most unhappy marriages in the middle Ages. Widowhood gave women their husbands lands and authority. Even though women were the child bearers and primary care givers, only when widowed did women have a role in the inheritance. Women could then inherit and bequeath land but could not sit in Parliament. The rights of widows are even discussed in the Magna Carta. It declares that widows did not need to marry again if they did not want to. It is fair to say that women gained not only wealth but freedom as a result of their husbands deaths. Where the husbands and employers power over women was practical, the clergys was spiritual. These two worlds were in constant conflict. Women flocked to the Church. They turned to religion for consolation and solace. More women attended mass, more confessed, they were the true keepers of the faith. Women provided the Church with a source of cohesion; their fierce and desperate faith would lay the groundwork for the growing dominance of the church in medieval society. The Church, however, was two-faced when dealing with women. 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John Betjemans view of women John Betjeman is very famous for his poetry, especially his style Essay Example For Students

John Betjemans view of women John Betjeman is very famous for his poetry, especially his style Essay John Betjeman is very famous for his poetry, especially his style. He used mockery with nostalgia, criticism with affection and melancholia with humour. This is shown in many of his poems especially those about women. When poets write about women they usually say how feminine they are. How petite, caring and loving. They usually go into depth on their beautiful and compare them with flowers or special treasures. However John Betjeman describes how much he loves a sports girl, thats adventurous and strong. He doesnt compare them to sweet innocent possessions but as men or large monstrous hedges or bushes. His women are not seen or admired for their caring abilities yet for their talent for their strength in sports. In Myfanwy Betjeman thinks about what she would have looked like when she was younger. In this poem Betjeman is in his early childhood, sitting in his playpen admiring his nanny who is Myfanwy. This poem does show some of Myfanwys feminine ways as he says about her smell of fresh soap and her softness. Then he thinks to himself was she a hockey girl, tennis or gym. Was she a prefect or head of her dormitory? As though her feminine ways are obvious he wants to know whether she was sporty in her youth, he wants to know what she is like in depth. He has images appear in his head of her dressed in useful clothing like a school uniform riding her bike. When he thinks of Myfanwy he seems to act childish. Like child nursery rhymes they are nice to hear, and are a pleasure for children. The way Betjeman describes Myfanwy appearance and thinks of her reading a childrens book to him, this shows that not only does he adore her but finds her a pleasure to be with. The use of language in this poem shows us that he adores her, by the use of adjectives at the beginning of nearly every sentence. The use of questions helps to add pace. Pace is quite powerful and seen as strong like his women. This poem shows that Betjeman likes to be protected. This is why he has put himself in a venerable position of being a young child, needing care and attention. He wants to be cared for by an older stronger woman. You will protect meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. ringleader, tom-boy, and chum to the weak. He makes himself seem weak and needing a lot of protection. Most women want a man who is strong and protective of them, its very unusual for a man to want protection. Betjeman seems to prefer strong ladies maybe due to his insecurity. In Oxford: sudden illness at the bus stop Betjeman talks about women and how materialism doesnt make them happy. He talks about a lady and her husband going from poor to riches. And having luxury furnishings and home. The poem then goes on to describe that the lady is being left at home and is put upon to create dinner parties for his fellow mates at work. At first she liked the idea and liked to create them, but after time she didnt enjoy it and felt resentful, unwanted. The parties and entertaining was growing old and boring. Although with having all this materialism made one feel safer she was unable to enjoy it. This woman would give up everything to go back to how her life was before when she was loved and her life was simple. The use of language in this poem show that he feels that materialism isnt the key to happiness. That this woman felt that she needed to do something else apart from entertaining her husbands colleges. .ue5ed5720326ca4e1690bcf362bd5a7b7 , .ue5ed5720326ca4e1690bcf362bd5a7b7 .postImageUrl , .ue5ed5720326ca4e1690bcf362bd5a7b7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue5ed5720326ca4e1690bcf362bd5a7b7 , .ue5ed5720326ca4e1690bcf362bd5a7b7:hover , .ue5ed5720326ca4e1690bcf362bd5a7b7:visited , .ue5ed5720326ca4e1690bcf362bd5a7b7:active { border:0!important; } .ue5ed5720326ca4e1690bcf362bd5a7b7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue5ed5720326ca4e1690bcf362bd5a7b7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue5ed5720326ca4e1690bcf362bd5a7b7:active , .ue5ed5720326ca4e1690bcf362bd5a7b7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue5ed5720326ca4e1690bcf362bd5a7b7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue5ed5720326ca4e1690bcf362bd5a7b7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue5ed5720326ca4e1690bcf362bd5a7b7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue5ed5720326ca4e1690bcf362bd5a7b7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue5ed5720326ca4e1690bcf362bd5a7b7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue5ed5720326ca4e1690bcf362bd5a7b7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue5ed5720326ca4e1690bcf362bd5a7b7 .ue5ed5720326ca4e1690bcf362bd5a7b7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue5ed5720326ca4e1690bcf362bd5a7b7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: William Wordsworth as a Poet of Nature: EssayI feel that Betjeman is trying to show that women who are not active and are put upon are not as happy and beautiful as those who live life as active as possible. What forks since then have been slammed in places? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ too much, too many! So fetch the doctor. This shows that she is totally fed up of preparing dinners that this is enough no more its making her depressed, thats why she needs a doctor. Betjeman could also be trying to put across that those who are materialised and live in urban areas suffer with more health problems than those who live in rural areas with active outdoor jobs do. The lady seems to be old too much, too many! à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This dress has grown such a heavier load since Jack was only a Junior Proctor. Thus thinking to her self what as she got to show for it, apart from materialism not happiness. Another poem which backs up this point of view of women not being happy when surrounded by luxury furnishings or ways of life is Sun And Fun. Betjeman is trying to show the ladies point of view about her life. She says that when she was younger she was rich and fashionable and had fun yet when she looks back on her life she says what was it all for. She regrets her life. Youth and Age on Beaulieu River, Hants. This poem starts off by describing the countryside and scenic routes. In this poem Betjeman describes a woman as shapes and natural features. Tulip figure, so appealing, oval face. This seems very feminine yet if you read the rest of the stanza you will see him describe a lady in a different way, on to huge and lake like reaches, slacks the slim young limbs revealing, sun brown arm the tiller feeling. He makes this beautiful woman seem butch. He also describes the ladies life, when she was young she is described as the sun, bright cheerful and full on energy. But as he goes on to describe her as she is ageing he describes her as a sunset, lacking energy and brightness. The warmth and glow disappears as you get older. Betjeman has described a variety of women those who he adores the sporty, strong women. To those he feels sorry for those who are put upon by their husbands, and have no fun in their lives, then to those who he compares to nature and uses nature to show their age. These poems when put together show his point of view. From other poems of his like Slough it is obvious that he doesnt like modernising or urbanisation. He prefers the countryside; he also doesnt like tinned foods as he thinks it is fake. Rather like in the poem Oxford the lady gets fed up of entertaining colleges she uses tinned foods. As though she doesnt care and uses a cheaper range of food even though they live in a middle/upper class environment. His love for sporty women is shown in several poems: Pot pourri from Surrey garden, Myfanwy, Senex, a Subalterns love song, the Licorice fields at Pontefract. These poems show how he admires strong, sporty people. This could be because they do sports they are still using the countryside for their sports. And they are strong in the mind and dont allow men to dominate them. They are not easily beaten. So the variety of women are those who are sporty, and competitive, compared to those who are stuck to a daily routine of cooking and cleaning. Those who look back on their lives and think what have they got to show for their lives. Then those of a young age compared to those who are older. Their surroundings, upbringing, and their view on life effect these poems. Betjeman uses his views of modernisation and uses women to show these. As he makes people look at women differently by the way he describes them, noticing other features of them that show strength and health. How urbanisation can affect happiness in someones life, and how much better the countryside is compared to the city.